![]() In 1961, three men and two women were jailed – Gordon Lonsdale, Peter Kroger, Helen Kroger, Henry Houghton and Ethel Gee. Both sides wanted to know what the other was doing in this area. However, nuclear submarine technology was also vital for submarine-launched nuclear missiles. The launch of Sputnik was a huge blow to American pride and its implication for rocket-delivered nuclear bombs was huge. Nuclear technology was vital for both sides if they were not seen by the other as falling behind. However, in 1956, his appointment was an indication of just how far into the Establishment some spies had managed to inveigle themselves. Years later, it was announced that he was the fourth member of the ‘Cambridge Five’. After all, why would two very well educated men leave if their lifestyle was so good there? Also in 1956, Anthony Blunt received a knighthood and was put in charge of the Queen’s art collection. Both sides in the Cold War became more entrenched in their views on the other and to the Soviet authorities Burgess and Maclean were excellent trophies – and also ‘proof’ that the British way of life could not be good. Here they were reasonably safe as the Cold War moved to new heights with the Suez Crisis and the Hungarian Uprising. One year later in 1956, Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow after seemingly disappearing in 1951. In 1955, John Vassal, who was the naval attaché at the British Embassy in Moscow was jailed for eighteen years after spying for the Soviet Union. Burgess and Maclean had passed over to the Soviet Union thousands of confidential documents. All three men were part of the ‘Cambridge Five’. They had been tipped off that they were about to be arrested by Kim Philby who from 1944 to 1946 had been head of counter-intelligence activities at British Intelligence. The extent to which the ‘Establishment’ had been infiltrated first became publicly apparent in 1951 when Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean fled Britain for the Soviet Union. ![]() British agents in the Soviet Union paid a high price for their betrayal. Throughout the era of the Cold War information covertly acquired in Britain ended up with the KGB. ![]() The most famous were the ‘Cambridge Five’ – graduates who as a result of their background had got into high positions in the British Establishment. The Soviet Union also employed men from Britain to spy on Britain – men who had become disaffected by the British way of life and looked to the east. The ability to seamlessly blend into the background was vital. Both sides involved in the Cold War used spies from all types of background. ![]()
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